International development (franchise network)
The strategic choice between owned subsidiaries, master franchises and partnerships for cross-border expansion — speed, control and capital cannot all be maximised simultaneously.
In practice
Master franchise dominates capital-light international roll-outs: the local partner invests and knows the market; the franchisor supplies the concept and platform. Often underestimated prerequisites: contracts adapted to local law, trademark protected country by country, support available in the local language. Entering twenty countries should be planned as twenty separate launches, not a single simultaneous deployment.