SSR (server-side rendering)
SSR generates complete HTML on the server for each request: the browser — and the crawler — receive an already-built page. JavaScript intervenes only afterwards, for interactivity.
In practice
For visibility, SSR solves the problem at the source: content readable without script execution, by all engines and all AI collectors. Its cost: each page view consumes server resources. Hence the modern hybrid — static for what does not change, server-rendered for what depends on the request.